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References
1. Ross. H. L. Confronting
Drunk Driving: Social Policy for
Saving Lives. New Haven,
Connecticut: Yale University Press,
1992, pp. 35-38; Reed, D. S.
Reducing the costs of
drinking-driving. In: Moore, M. H.,
and Gerstein, D. R. (eds.)
Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond
the Shadow of Prohibition.
Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1981. Pp. 336-387; Hanson, D.
J. Preventing Alcohol Abuse:
Alcohol, Culture, and Control.
Westport, Connecticut: Praeger,
1995, p. 31.
2. Simpson, H. M., and Mayhew,
D. R. The Hard Core Drinking
Driver. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada:
Traffic Injury Research Foundation,
1991, pp. 23-24.
3. Ibid., p. 12.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., ch. 5; National
Highway Traffic Safety
Administration. The Incidence and
Role of Drugs in Fatally Injured
Drivers. Washington, D. C.:
NHTSA, Technology Transfer Series
57, 1993; Donelson, A. C., Beirness,
D. J., Haas, G. C., and Walsh, P. J.
The Role of Alcohol in Fatal
Traffic Crashes: British Columbia,
1985-1986. Ottawa, Ontario:
Traffic Safety Research Foundation,
1989; Bako, G., MacKenzie, W. C.,
and Smith, S. S. O. Drivers in
Alberta with previous impaired
driving records responsible for
fatal highway accidents: A survey,
1970-1972. Canadian Journal of
Public Health, 1977, 68,
66-68; Baka, G., MacKenzie, W. C.,
and Smith, E.S.O. Case-control study
of recidivist drivers in fatal
highway accidents in Alberta in
1970-1972. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 1977,
116, 149-151; Vingilis, E.
Drinking Drivers and Alcoholics: Are
they from the Same Population? In:
Smart, R., Glasser, F., and Israel,
Y. (eds.) Research Advances in
Alcohol and Drug Problems. Vol.
7. New York: Plenum, 1983. Pp. 299-
342; Perrine, M. W., Walter, J. A.,
and Harris, L. S. Alcohol and
Highway Safety: Behavioral and
Medical Aspects. Technical
Report DOT HS-800-599. Washington,
DC: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 1971; Penttila, A.,
Vouri, E., Korte, T., and
Pikkarainen, J. Alcohol and Drugs in
Finland: Drivers Killed in Traffic
Accidents. In: Noordzi, P. C., and
Roszbach, R. (eds.) Alcohol,
Drugs and Traffic Safety.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
Science Publishers, 1987. Pp.
263-266.
6. Moore and Myers, p. 7.
7. Ibid., p. 9.
8. Meister, F. A. A
comprehensive approach to DWI.
Healthy Drinking, 1995, 9,
20-21, p. 21.
9. Addiction Research
Foundation. Alcohol, other drugs and
driving, The Journal, 1992.
10. Brookoff, D., Cook, C. S.,
Williams, C., and Mann, C. S.
Testing reckless drivers for cocaine
and marijuana. New England
Journal of Medicine, 1994,
331, 518-522. See also Saylor,
K. E., DuPont, R. L., and Brown, H.
The high way: driving under
influences other than alcohol.
Journal of the American Medical
Association, 1992, 267,
652; Kirby, J. M., Maull, K. I., and
Fain, W. Comparability of alcohol
and drug use in injured drivers.
Southern Medical Journal, 1992,
85, 800-802; National Highway
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Use of Controlled Substances and
Highway Safety: A Report to Congress.
Washington, DC: Department of
Transportation; Skolnick, A. Illicit
drugs take still another toll: death
or injury from vehicle-associated
trauma. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 1990,
263, 3122-3125.
11. Ross, H. L. Confronting
Drunk Driving: Social Policy for
Saving Lives. New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press, 1992, p. 188;
Voas, R. Actions Against Vehicles
and Vehicle Tags to Reduce Driving
While Suspended. Executive
Summary. Landover, Maryland:
National Public Services Research
Institute, 1991.
12. Ibid.
13. Schmidt, A. Electronic
monitoring of offenders increases.
NIJ Reports No. 212, 1989;
Ross, p. 188; Voas, 1991.
14. Meister, F. A. A
comprehensive approach to DWI.
Healthy Drinking, 1995, 9,
20-21.
15. Simpson and Mayhew, pp.
68-71.
16. Saltz, R. Server
Intervention and Responsible
Beverage Service Programs. In:
Office of the Surgeon General.
Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk
Driving: Background Papers.
Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 1989. Pp.
169-179; Russ, N., and Geller, E. S.
Training bar personnel to prevent
drunken driving: A field evaluation.
American Journal of Public Health,
1987, 77, 952-954; McKnight,
A. J. Development and Field Test
of a Responsible Alcohol Service
Program. Vol. 3, Final Results.
Technical report. Washington, DC:
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 1988.
17. Preusser, D., Williams, A.,
and Zador, P. The effect of curfew
laws on motor vehicle crashes.
Law and Policy, 1984, 6,
115-128.
18. www.discus.health.org/drunkdr.htm
(6/10/97).
19. Jones, R. K., and Lacey, J.
H. Historical Documentation and
Assessment of Existing Literature in
the Field of Alcohol-Traffic Safety
Evaluation (1980-Present).
Contract No. DTNH22-88-C-05126.
Springfield, Virginia: National
Technical Information Service, 1991;
Nichols, J. L., and Ross, H. L. The
effectiveness of legal sanctions in
dealing with drunk drivers.
Alcohol, Drugs and Driving,
1990, 6, 33-60; Salzberg, P.
M., and Paulsrude, S. P. An
evaluation of Washington's driving
while intoxicated law: Effect of
drunk driving recidivism. Journal
of Safety Research, 1984, 15,
117-124; Homel, R. Penalties and the
drunk-driver: A study of one
thousand offenders. Australian
and New Zealand Journal of
Criminology, 1981, 14,
225-241.
20. Simpson and Mayhew, pp.
71-72.
21. Ross, p. 8.
22. Moore and Myers, p. 9.
23. Ibid.
24. Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation. Substance Abuse.
Annual Report 1992. Princeton, New
Jersey: Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation, 1993, p. 7. The
Foundation asks if Congress imposes
higher taxes on alcohol, would "we
know the degree to which these
increased taxes were offset in the
budgets of poor families by reducing
spending for proper food and other
necessities, or how much of our
limited public revenues will be
consumed in combatting resultant
growth in bootlegging and
moonshining industries?"
25. Chaleen, D. A. The NORP
Think Factor. Winona, Minnesota:
Staige, 1992; Livingston, C.
Straight Talk About the Drunk
Driving Problem. Washington, DC:
BRADD, 1985.
26. Ross, p. 6; Simpson and
Mayhew, p. 46.
27. Simpson and Mayhew, p. vii.
28. Drowsy driving is greatly
underreported because there is no
test for it, as there is for
intoxication, no clear way to
identify it, and many states don't
even have a code for it on their
vehicle accident reporting forms.
The U.S. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA)
estimates that about 100,000
police-reported crashes annually
involve drowsiness/fatigue as a
principal cause. It estimates that
these crashes cause $12.5 billion in
monetary losses each year.
Sleepiness and fatigue also play a
role in crashes attributed to other
causes. About 1,000,000 crashes
annually -- one-sixth of all crashes
-- are thought to be caused by
driver inattention adn lapses. Sleep
deprivation and fatigue make such
lapses of attention more likely to
occur. In a 1999 National Science
Foundation poll, 62% of all adults
surveyed in the U.S. reported
driving a car or other vehicle while
they were drowsy during the previous
year. Twenty-seven percent reported
that they had, at some time, fallen
asleep while driving. People are
more likely to fall asleep on
high-speed, long, boring, rural
highways. The New York State Police
estimates that 30% of all fatal
accidents on the New York State
Thruway occur because drivers fall
asleep at the wheel. Studies suggest
truck driver fatigue may contribute
to at least 30 to 40% of all heavy
truck accidents. (Facts about
Drowsy Driving The Peer Educator,
2000, 23(4), 9 &14) To learn
more visit www.dui.com/whatsnew/sleep.html.
29. Large Canadian study cited
in Don't Dial and Drive. San
Francisco Chronical, Feb. 14, 1997,
p. A26.
30. Adapted from Hanson, D. J.,
and Engs, R. C. Drinking Behavior:
Taking Personal Responsibility. In:
Venturelli, P. J. (ed.) Drug Use
in America: Social, Cultural, and
Political Perspectives. Boston,
Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett,
1994. Pp. 175-181.
31. These are standard drink
sizes. Of course, five ounces of a
dessert wine contains more alcohol,
as does a higher content beer or
ale, or a distilled spirit higher
than the typical 80 proof. The
equivalent sizes for these drinks
would differ from those of standard
drinks, a fact that drinkers should
keep in mind. Carrol, C. R. Drugs
in Modern Society. Boston,
Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p.
77. Because standard drinks are
equivalent in alcohol content, it is
misleading to refer to spirits as
"hard liquor," which implies that
drinking distilled spirits leads
more quickly or easily to
intoxication than other alcohol
beverages.
32. Engs, Ruth C., and Hanson,
David J. Drinking games and problems
related to drinking among moderate
and heavy drinkers. Psychological
Reports, 1993, 73,
115-120.
33. Ibid.
34. Chafetz, Morris E. A Plan
to Prevent Drunk Driving.
Washington, DC: Health Education
Foundation, 1983, section five..
35. Ibid.
36. Ross, passim.
37. Ross, p. 35.
38. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA),
www.nhtsa.dot.gov and national
Center for Statistics and Analysis
(NCSA) of the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA),
www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-30/ncsa/.)
39. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA),
www.nhtsa.dot.gov and national
Center for Statistics and Analysis
(NCSA) of the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA),
www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-30/ncsa/.)
40. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA),
www.nhtsa.dot.gov and national
Center for Statistics and Analysis
(NCSA) of the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA),
www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-30/ncsa/.)
Readings (Listing does not imply endorsement)
A Plan to Prevent Drunk Driving,
by Morris E. Chafetz (Washington,
DC: The Health Education Foundation,
1983). Available for the price of
$5.95 by calling 202-338-3501 or
writing The Health Education
Foundation, Suite 502, 2600 Virginia
Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20037.
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